Family Adjustment among Working Women of Raipur City of Chhattisgarh State (with Special Reference to College Professor and Nurses)

 

Dr. Lukeshwar Singh Gajpal¹*, Geetanjali Patel²

¹Associate Professor, School of Studies in Sociology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (Chhattisgarh) India, 492010

 

ABSTRACT:

Present paper is based on a study of family adjustment among working women of Raipur city of Chhattisgarh state (INDIA). Study is based on purposively selected 136 Nurses of Dr.Bhimrao Ambedkar hospital of Raipur city and 66 College professors of Raipur city. Data were collected through Interview-schedule and observation technique. It is tried to clarify through the study, what is the volume of family -adjustment in nurses and College professors. Findings of the study show that Nurses are facing more problem as compare to women professor in family adjustment.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:

1.        To study the socio-cultural background of the respondents.

2.        To understand the status and nature of family adjustment among professors and nurses of Raipur city.

 

HYPOTHESIS:

1.        There is a significant co-relation between nature of job and family adjustment among professors and nurses.

 

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:

Study area:

For present study the Raipur city which is the capital of Chhattisgarh state has been selected as study area.

 

The Sample:

For this study 136 Nurses of Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar Hospital of Raipur City and 66 College professors of Raipur city were purposively selected as respondent.

 

Tools of data collection:

For the collection of primary data interview- schedule adopted as a tool and group discussion, observation technique has been also adopted for the collection of data.

RESULT AND ANALYSIS:

Social-cultural background;

The social cultural background of a person is the base of the making of his personality. Through which only his thoughts, nature and point of view can be understood in a right way.”¹ majority among the respondents are highly educated. In the matter of age group of the respondents it was found that majority of the respondents were in the age group of 25 to 35 years. Similarly with regard to the belonging category of the respondents it was known that majority of the working women are from other backward caste. Information regarding religion 94% of the respondents is Hindus. As far as the marital status of the respondents is concerned it was found that majority of them were married only 8 % respondents were unmarried. It was found that most of the respondents earn more than 30 thousand as monthly income; most of the respondents are Hindi speaking. Information related to monthly income of the respondents families that monthly income of most 38.1 percent families of respondents is more than 50 thousand rupees, the monthly income of 25.7 percent families of respondents is 31-40 thousand rupees,  in this way the monthly income of 21.3 percent families of respondents is 41-50 thousand rupees, the monthly income of 11 percent families of respondents is 21-30 thousand rupees and the monthly income of  3.9 percent families of respondents is up to 20 thousand rupees. It is known from collected data that most 51 percent families of respondents are of middle size (up to 4-6 members) and Most of the (86.1 percent) respondents are belonging Nuclear family.

 

Division of labour among members of family:

It is known from many research studies that since last three centuries, now not only in case of middle class family but also in big families being working by educated women is not taken as bad and in the state of being a working women in the family they are also given co-operation by family members, the types of co-operation is different like making division of work among family members, by keeping house servant or in some other way.

 

Mousami Dutt (1998)² has studied the impact of division of labour among family members upon working women in her study among the middle class women of Kolkata in West Bengal. In this way study of Kasinath (2000)³ it is clear that family environment and in the state of division of labour has created more impact upon the personality of working women. In this matter the status of women professors and nurses of the study group are shown in below table: -

 

Table no. 1 Division of labour among members of family

 

Analyzing the above table related to division of labour among family members it is known that there is division of labour among 60.3 percent family members of the respondents and there is no division of labour among 39.1 percent family members of the respondents. It is found that in case of professors there is division of labour among 77.3 percent family members of the respondents and there is no division of labour among 22.7 percent family members of the respondents. In this way if we try to see the cases of nurses it is known that there is division of labour among 53 percent family members of the respondents and there is no division of labour among 47 percent family members of the respondents.

 

Base of division of labour:

Those respondents who have informed about division of labour, the base of division of labour is also known from them. In this matter the information is taken from respondents about division of labour based on age and gender. The found data from respondents is shown in below table.

 

Table No. 1.1 Base of division of labour

S. No.	Base of division of labour	Professors		Nurses		Grand total
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
1	Age	02	3.9	04	5.5	06	4.9
2	Gender	09	17.6	22	30.5	31	25.2
3	No proper base	40	78.5	46	64.0	36	69.9
	Total	51	100	72	100	123	100

 

Viewing the above table related to base of division of labour it is known that, there is no proper base of division of labour among most 69.9 percent family members of the respondents, gender is the base of division of labour among 25.2 percent family members of the respondents and age is the base of division of labour among 4.9 percent family members of the respondents. it is known that in case of professors there is no proper base of division of labour among most 78.5 percent family members of the respondents, gender is the base of division of labour among 17.6 percent family members of the respondents and age is the base of division of labour among 3.9 percent family members of the respondents.

 

By trying to see the case of nurses it is known that there is no proper base of division of work among 64 percent respondent’s family members, gender is the base of division of labour among 30.5 percent family members of the respondents and age is the base of division of labour among 5.5 percent family members of the respondents.

 

Feeling of obstacles in managing family responsibilities by the respondents:

The value of life of the working woman is affected due to the double role as they have to manage the responsibilities of both office and family.

 

The pressure of double role can also be seen in family life. As a result its impact is also seen in managing family responsibilities. How much development may take place in Indian society, but this society has never accepted the modern thoughts related to woman. Today also it demands their traditional role management. Among the members of the family mother and father-in-law, husband and parents, and brother always wanted to keep women under their control, they demand taking care of the family regarding managing of family responsibilities. For these situations now-a-days also the married and un-married women have to face obstacles in managing family responsibilities.⁴

 

Keeping in view the above statement it is tried to analyse the obstacles faced by the respondents of the study group in managing their family responsibilities which clear from below table.

 

Table No.2 Feeling of obstacles in managing family responsibilities by the respondents

Sl.No	Feeling of obstacles in managing family responsibilities by the respondents	Professor		Nurse		Grand total
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
1	Full	48	72.7	72	53.0	120	59.4
2	Partial	18	27.3	64	47.0	82	40.6
	Total	66	100	136	100	202	100

 

It is known from analysing the table no.4.17 that 59.4 percent respondents have full obstacles in managing family responsibilities and 40.6 percent respondents feel obstacles partially in managing family responsibilities. It is known that in case of professors most 72.7 percent respondents feel full obstacles in managing family responsibilities and 27.3 percent respondents feel partial obstacles in managing family responsibilities. In this way trying to see the cases of nurses it is known that most 53 percent respondents feel full obstacle in managing family responsibilities and 47 percent respondents have obstacle partially in managing family responsibilities.

Giving full time in family festivals:-

The environment in which a person stays, in all happenings of that environment his presence is also needed. Due to the playing of double role in case of working women it is not possible that they can confirm their presence in all family arrangements. They have to tolerate the criticisms of family members in the state of having could not give time for family festivals also. It was an important point in the study that how much times the women professors and nurses of the study group can give in family festivals it is tried to know that. Found data are shown:-

 

Table No.3 giving full time in family festivals

Sl.No	Giving full time in family festivals	Professor		Nurse		Grand total
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
1	Yes	61	92.4	66	48.5	127	62.9
2	No	05	7.6	70	51.5	75	37.1
	Total	66	100	136	100	202	100

 

It is known from analysing above table no.4.18 that most 62.9 percent respondents of the study can give full time in family festivals and 37.1 percent respondents cannot give full time in family festivals, most of the professor 92.4 percent can give full time in family festivals and 7.6 percent cannot give full time in family festivals.

 

By trying to see the cases of nurses it is known that 51.5 percent respondent cannot give full time in family festivals and 48.5 percent respondents can give full time in family festivals.

 

Being could not give time:-

It is known from Kalarani’s⁵ study that working women when could not give time to family members then they try to fulfil them by doing some work with the help of family members, some by getting extra facilities in the family and some work keeping domestic servant. Keeping this statement in mind the state of shift-wise and none shift-wise working women is known. The conclusion that is found in this subject shows that such working women who could not give time to their children and family they fulfil it with the help of family member or do on getting time. It is shown in below table-

 

Table No.3.1 being could not give time

Sl.No	Being could not give time	Professor		Nurse		Grand total
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
1	Trying to fulfil on getting time	01	20.0	28	40.0	29	38.7
2	Trying to show problems	01	20.0	12	17.1	13	17.3
3	With the help of husband	02	40.0	22	31.5	24	32.0
4	With the help of family members	01	20.0	08	11.4	09	12.0
	Total	05	100	70	100	75	100

 

It is clear from the analysis of the above table no.4.18.1 that 38.7 percent of the respondents of the study on being could not give time on family festivals try to fulfil the work by doing when getting time, 32 percent respondents with the help of husband, 17.3 percent respondents try to show problems and 12 percent respondents take the help of family members.

 

If we make a comparative study of the found data based on both categories of respondents it is known that in case of professors 40 percent respondents take the help of husband on being could not give full time on family festivals, 20 percent respondents trying to complete on getting time and trying to show problems, and taking the help of family members. Trying to analyse the cases of nurses of the study group then it is known that 40 percent respondent on being could give full time to family festivals try to fulfil on getting time. 31.5 percent respondent with the help of husband, 17.1 percent respondent try to show problems and 11.4 percent respondent take the help of family members.

 

Behaviour of family members on could not give time:

Being could not give sufficient time to their family by the working women is also an important reason to increase the volume of role adjustment in working women. It is known from the respondent of the study group how is the type of behaviour of the family members on the state of being could not give sufficient time to children and family, which is shown in below table –

 

Table No.3.2 Behaviour of family members on could not give time

Sl.No	Behaviour of family members on could not give time	Professor		Nurse		Grand total
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
1	co-operative	02	40.0	16	22.8	18	24.0
2	non-cooperative	03	60.0	54	77.2	57	76.0
	Total	05	100	70	100	75	100

 

It is clear from viewing the above table no. 4.18.2 that most 76 percent respondent of the study has informed this that on being not able to give time the behaviour of family members is non-cooperative and behaviour of  24 percent family members of the respondents is co-operative. It is known that in case of professors most 60 percent respondent have informed that on being not able to give time the view point of the family members is non-cooperative and point of view of 40 percent respondent is cooperative. By trying to see the case of nurses it is known that view point of family members of 77.2 percent respondent of the study is non cooperative and point of view of 22.8 percent respondent’s family members is cooperative.

 

Finding sufficient time by the working women for the children:-

In ability give sufficient time to children is an important reason to increase volume of role-conflict in working women. Because in many occasions due to vastness of work or self problems the working women cannot able to give time to the children as per their requirement. As a result due to family pressure and in ability to do this, the state of conflict is created by the confusion developed inside. Studies have been conducted regarding concept related to taking care of children by working women, in-ability to give time to them, by different sociologist in which Pramila Kapoor (1974)⁶, Paitrisiya Wandraff (1988)⁷, Subhash Chandra Gupta (2004)⁸, Sachdeva Janak (1974)⁹ etc. have done that. They have clarified that small children are more in need of a mother. But very few working women can give sufficient time to their children. In socialisation of children family is defined as the first school and the mother as the first teacher. It is clear that the role of a mother is important in socialisation. Especially when children are small they have more need of mother, because now-a-days the speed at which the changes are taking place in Indian society, it is definitely a challenge for social scientist , because we see that adult children today are not only expert in mobile and internet but also are doing such works through it, for which the parents also have to be embarrassed, in such a state the responsibility of guardian becomes more that they should watch all movements of their children and inspire them to move ahead in a moral way. It is tried to know from such women professors and nurses of the study group who have children and from whom there is need of taking care as a mother, whether they could give sufficient time to their children or not? It is clarified in below table:-

 

Table No.4 finding sufficient time by the working women for the children

Sl. No	Finding sufficient time by the working women for the children	Professor		Nurse		Grand total
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
1	Yes	55	83.3	62	53.4	117	64.3
2	No	11	11.7	54	46.6	65	35.7
	Total	60	100	116	100	182	100

 

It is clear from above analysis that 63.4 percent respondents can find sufficient time for the children and 35.7 percent respondents cannot find sufficient time for children. It is known that in case of professors 83.3 percent respondent can find sufficient time for children and 11.7 percent respondents cannot find sufficient time for children. In this way if we analyse the cases of nurses of the study group, it is clear that most 53.4 percent respondent can find sufficient time for children and 46.6 percent respondent cannot find sufficient time for children.

 

What to do when not getting time:

Those 11 professors and 54 nurses who have informed that they cannot give sufficient time to their children, it is also tried to know from them that what they do in such a situation? Whether they try to help the children in some other way is shown in below table:-

 

Table No.4.1 What to do, when not get time

Sl. No.	What to do, when not get time	Professor		Nurse		Grand total
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
1	Help of husband	04	36.3	20	37.0	24	36.9
2	Help of maid servant	02	18.2	10	18.5	12	18.5
3	Help of the family	01	9.1	08	14.8	09	13.8
4	Taking leave	01	9.1	06	11.1	07	10.8
5	Children are not with them(not applicable)	03	27.3	06	11.1	09	13.8
6	Do not have children (not applicable)	--	--	04	7.5	04	6.2
	Total	11	100	54	100	65	100

 

It is clear from the table no.4.16.1 that 36.9 percent respondents take the help of husband when not get sufficient time for the children, 18.5 percent respondents take the help of house maid,  13.8 percent respondents take the help of the family when 13.8 percent respondents children are not  staying with them for which they have not given any information in this matter, 10.8 percent respondents take leave and 6.2 percent respondents have no children for which they have not given any information about this matter . If we tried to make a comparative study of the found data categorically then it is known that in case of professors 36.3 percent respondents take the help of husband on not getting sufficient time for the children, 27.3 percent respondents, as children do not stay with them for which they have not given any information in this matter, 18.2 percent respondents take the help of the maid servant, 9.1 percent respondents take the help of the family and take leave.By trying to know the case of nurses it is know that 37 percent respondents take the help of husband on not getting sufficient time for the children , 18.5 percent respondents take the help of maid servant , 14.8 percent respondents take the help of the family , 11.1 percent respondents take leave when 11.1 percent respondents children not stay when them for which they have not given any information about this matter and 7.5 percent respondents have no children for which they have not given any information. Opinion about the impact upon socialisation of children on being working From annual release of National Family Welfare 2005-06 this data are found that more than 34 percent of working women in the state of being not able to manage their responsibilities due to double role do their family work by keeping servant or house maid. ¹⁰ Family is accepted as first school in socialisation of children, whose first teacher is the mother. It is natural that for the all round development of the child mother will give sufficient time to her child but they are not able to manage their responsibilities due to being service professional. In the study it is tried to see comparatively among shift wise and non shift wise serving women that who could give more time to their children in this matter found data are shown in below table –

 

Table no. 5 Opinion about the impact upon socialisation of children on being working –

Sl. No.	Opinion about the impact upon socialisation of children on being working -	Professors		Nurse		Grand Total
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
1	Yes	18	27.3	62	45.6	80	39.6
2	No	48	72.7	74	54.4	122	60.4
	Total	66	100	136	100	202	100

 

It is clear from analysis of above that 60.4 percent respondent have informed non falling of impact upon socialisation of children due to being working and 39.6 percent respondents have informed about falling of impact upon socialisation of children due to being working. above fact categorically then is clear that in case of professors most 72.7 percent respondent have informed that because of being working impact doesn’t fall upon the socialisation of children and 27.3 percent respondent have informed about falling of impact upon socialisation of children on being working women. In this way if we try to analyse the case of nurses of the study group then it is clear that 54.4 percent have informed non falling of impact upon socialisation of children on being working and 45.6 percent respondent have informed that the impact fall upon socialisation of children on being working.

Types of impact:

In 2010 it is found in a group discussion related to impacts upon adult children of working women that due to being could not give sufficient time by working to their children, vast changes are seen in their socialisation such as could not being friendly easily with other students in the school, studying less and give more time in sports and entertainment activities, being not able to present his problems in front of  the teacher, being of shy nature, behaving of non-friendly in many occasions. In the present it is tried to know the fact that what type of problem arises on being not able to give sufficient time to children by the women professors and nurses, it is known which details are shown in below table.

 

Table No. 5.1 Types of impact

 

It is known from above table related to types of impact that among impacts due to being not able to give much time to children 21.2 percent respondents have informed that children becomes introvert on not being given sufficient time, 20 percent respondent have given information that children becomes self-dependent, 17.5 percent respondents have informed that children become behavioural, 11.3 percent respondent have informed this that children cannot become understanding and 8.7 percent respondent have informed this that children become irresponsible. Analysing the above fact categorically it is known that in case of professors 33.4 percent respondent have informed this that children become independent on not given much time, 16.6 percent respondent have informed that children become introvert on not being given time and feel lonely, 11.1 percent respondent have informed this that due to being unable to give time children cannot become understanding and cannot able to become behavioural, 5.6 percent respondent have informed that due to being not given time children become irresponsible and concentrate on wrong doings.

 

In this way if we tried to see the case of nurses then it is known that 22.6 percent respondent have informed that due to being unable to give time to children , they become introvert, 19.3 percent respondent have informed this that due to being unable to give time children cannot become behavioural, 16.1 percent respondent have informed that due to being unable to give time children become self dependent, 12.9 percent respondent have informed that due to being unable to give time children concentrate on wrong doings and 9.7 percent respondent have informed that due to being unable to give time children cannot become understanding and become irresponsible and fell lonely.

 

Ways of completing domestic works:

Earlier we have discussed that co-operation from family members are found directly or indirectly to the working women. This statement is also clarified from many research studies. In this study information is collected from working women of the study group engaged in shift wise and non shift wise duties about how the domestic works are being completed by them which is shown in below table.

Table No. 6 Ways of completing family works

 

It is clear from above analysis that 49.4 percent respondent complete the family work jointly. 20.2 percent respondent complete domestic works themselves, 13.9 percent respondents with the help of maid servant, 6.3 percent respondents in order to complete the domestic works divide the work. 5.1 percent respondents with the help of family members and with the help of children.

 

If we make a comparative study on the basis of data on both category of respondents then it is known that in case of 33.3 percent professors complete the family work jointly, 20 percent professors complete domestic works with the help of maid servant, 17.3 percent take the help of family members, also complete themselves and also take the help of children and 6.8 percent professors in order to complete domestic works divide the work among themselves.

If we try to see the case of nurses it is clear that 53.1 percent nurses complete the family work jointly by themselves, 22 percent nurses complete domestic works themselves, 12.5 percent respondents with the help of maid servant, 6.2 percent respondents in order to complete the domestic works divide the work among themselves. 3.1 percent respondents take the help of family members in order to complete family works and also take the help of children.

 

Helping in family works by the husband:

Not only from the research study of 1970-80 century but also from research study of same period Bharti (2010)¹¹ and Baghel (2011)¹², it is known that husbands help their working wives in family works, because they play a major role in making the financial position of the family strong.

 

In this way related to study of helping in family works of working women by their husband, Satyanand (1973)¹³, and Kalarani (1976)¹⁴ has seen that husband do not help in their family work but Puspa Sinha (1987)¹⁵ has found in her study that husband help them in their family work. It was an important point of the study in which matter information of respondents are collected which is shown in below table –

 

Table No 7 helping in family works by the husband

Sl. No	4.21 Helping in family works by the husband -	Professors		Nurses		Grand total
		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
1	Mostly	36	54.5	58	43.2	94	47
2	Normally	30	45.5	76	56.8	106	53
	Total	66	100	134	100	200	100

 

 

 

Viewing the above table related to helping in family works by the husband it is known that 53 percent respondent’s husband normally help in family works and 47 percents respondent’s husband mostly help in family work, above findings are in case if professors 54.5 percent respondent’s husband help mostly in family works and 45.5 percents respondent’s husband normally help in family work and the case of nurses it is found that it is being helped normally by 56.8 percent respondent’s husband and it is helped mostly by 43.2 percents respondent’s husband in family work.

 

CONCLUSION:

Findings of the study show that Nurses are facing more problems related to family adjustment due to shift duty. It is clear from the above analysis we can say that most of the working women having division of labour in family but important thing is that there is no specific base of division. Most of the working women complete their domestic work jointly with the help of family member and husband. Majority of nurses and professors accept it that they have sufficient time for their children. In case of lack of time they take the help of husband. Majority of the respondent are agree to there is no negative impact among children of working women. Most of the professors are able to give time for festivals but most of the nurses are not able to do same.

 

REFERENCES:

1.        Desai Neera A (1957) Women in Modern India: Vora and Company, Publishers Private Ltd. Bombay.

2.        Mousami Dutta, (1957) Gender equality in family : Sociological Abstract,  P.14-19

3.        Kashinath MH(2000) Institutional environment: personality and family Environment, Karnataka University, Dharma, p.44-49

4.        Bhandary Mala (2004) Women in two work roles and quality of their life, Sociological bulletin, vol. 53 No.1, PP-99-104.

5.        Kalarani (1976) Role Conflict in working women: Chetana Publications, New Delhi,

6.        Kapoor Pramila (1976) The changing Status of the working women in India: Vikas Publications House Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, PP-98-115

7.        Patricia Voydanoff (1988) Work role Characteristic family Structure and demands and work/family comflict: Journal of marriage and family, Vol- 50

8.        Gupta, Subhash Chandra (2004) Working women and Indian Society: Arjun Publishing House New Delhi, PP-163-173.

9.        Sachdeva, Janak (1974) Working mothers: Social welfare, May, Vol.-XXI, No. 10-12 and 27.

10.     National Family welfare and Health Ministry Govt. of India, 2005-06.

11.     Bharti G (2010) Vidyalayin siksha ke kshetra me karyarat sikshikaoo ka samajik awam vyavsayik bhumika me sanghars awam samayojan, Unpublished Ph.d. thesis of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, p. 36.

12.     Baghel JL (2010) Karyashil mahilaoo me bhumika sangharsha; ek samaj shastriya adhayan, Unpublished Ph.d. thesis of Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, p. 105-107.

13.     Satyanand K. (1973) The Status of working women in India, EIES Weekly, P-15.

14.     Kalari (1976) Role conflict in working women:Chetna Publications, New Delhi, P. 14

15.     Sinha, Pushpa, (1987) Role conflict among working women: Anmol  Publications, New Delhi, P.-35

 

 

 

Received on 13.12.2016

Modified on 28.04.2017

Accepted on 10.05.2017

© A&V Publication all right reserved

Research J. Humanities and Social Sciences. 8(2): April- June, 2017, 197-204.